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Rebellion
against Muslim rulers [1]The Prophet [2]
The Prophet
[3]
The Companions asked him: O Messenger of Allaah!
When you mentioned that there will be rulers, ‘you will approve of some
things from them, and disapprove of others things.’
They said: So what do you command us to do?
He said: ‘‘Give them their right, and invoke Allaah, since He is with
you.’’ ’Ubaadah (radiyallaahu
’anhu) said: ‘‘We gave the oath of allegiance to the Messenger of
Allaah [4]
’Umar Ibn Yazeed said: I heard al-Hasan al-Basree during the days of Yazeed
Ibnul-Mahlab, and there came to him a group of people.
So he commanded them to stay in their houses and to close their doors.
Then he said: ‘‘By Allaah! If
the people had patience when they were being tested by their unjust ruler, it
will not be long before Allaah will make a way out for them.
However, they always rush for their swords, so they are left to their
swords. By Allaah!
Not even for a single say did they bring about any good.’’
It is related by Ibn Sa’d in at-Tabaqaat
(8/164), and by Ibn Abee Haatim in his
Tafseer
(3/178). [5]
Imaam as-Suyootee said in al-Ishbaah wan-Nadhaa‘ir
(p. 87): ‘‘Preventing mafsadah
(harm) is given precedence over procuring
maslahah
(benefit).’’ And
Shaykhul-Islaam Ibn Taymiyyah (d.728H) -
rahimahullaah
- said in al-Hisbah fil-Islaam (p.
124): ‘‘Ordering the good should not result in the loss of a greater good,
nor cause a greater evil (than before). Likewise,
forbidding the evil should not result in a greater evil, nor in the loss of a
greater good.’’ [6]
Imaam Aboo Bark al-Aajurree (d.360H) -
rahimahullaah
- said: ‘‘It is not permissible for the one who sees the uprising of a
khaarijee
who has revolted against the leader, whether he is just or oppressive - so this
person has revolted and gathered a group behind him, has pulled out his sword
and has made lawful the killing of Muslims - it is not fitting for the one who
sees this, that he becomes deceived by this person’s recitation of the
Qur‘aan,
the length of his standing in Prayer, nor his constant fasting, nor his good and
excellent words in knowledge when it is clear to him that this person’s way
and methodology is that of the Khawaarij.’’
Refer to ash-Sharee’ah (p. 28). [7]
Imaam ’Abdur-Rahmaan Ibn Naasir as-Sa’dee (d.1376H) -
rahimahullaah
- said: ‘‘As for advice to the imaams
of the Muslims - and they are their leaders; from the main leader to the
ministers and judges, to everyone who is appointed over them with a general or
specific type of leadership - then it is to believe (i’taqad)
in their leadership, and to listen to and obey them.
And it entails invoking the people to do likewise, and to strive
according to that which is feasible to guide them.
And it is to inform them of everything that benefits them and benefits
the people, and to the establishment of their obligation.’’ Refer to
Bahjatul-Quloobil-Abraar
(p. 19). [8]
Imaam Ibn Abil-’Izz (d.729H) – rahimahullaah
– said: “We do not say about a particular individual from amongst the people
of the Qiblah, that he is from the
people of Paradise, or from the people of the Fire, except about those whom the
truthful [9]
Imaam Ibn Abee ’Aasim said in Kitaabus-Sunnah
(2/251): ‘‘Chapter: How are the leaders of the common-folk to be
advised?’’ And he related: From
Shurayh Ibn ’Ubayd al-Hadramee and other than him who said: ’Iyaad Ibn Ghunm
was whipping a person of a land which was conquered.
So Hishaam Ibn Hakeem spoke harshly with him, until ’Iyaad became
angry. So he stayed the night (like
this) through the night, then he came to Hishaam Ibn Hakeem and sought an excuse
from him. Then Hishaam said to
’Iyaad: Have you not heard the Prophet
[10]
Imaam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal (d.241H) – rahimahullaah
– said: “Verily I supplicate for the ruler, for his correctness, success and
support – night and day – and I see this as being obligatory upon me.’’
Refer to as-Sunnah (no. 14) of Aboo
Bakr al-Khallaal. [11]
Imaam Maalik Ibn Anas (d.179H) – rahimahullaah
– said: “The right of every Muslim whom Allaah has blessed with something of
knowledge and understanding (fiqh),
is that he enters upon the ruler to command him with goodness, and to prohibit
him from evil, and to admonish him.” Refer to
Tarteebul-Madaarik
(1/207-208) of al-Qaadee ’Iyaad. Ibn
Abee Haatim relates in al-Jarh
wat-Ta’deel (1/30) from Imaam Maalik, that it was said to him: ‘Verily
you enter upon the ruler whilst they (the people) are being oppressed (by the
ruler)!’ So Maalik said: “May
Allaah have mercy upon you! So
where is the person who will speak with the truth?!
Indeed the Messenger of Allaah
[12]
From Yazeed Ibn Kusayb al-’Adawee who said: I was with Abee Bakrah under the
pulpit of Ibn ’Aamir, and he was giving a sermon, and he was wearing fine
clothes. So Aboo Bilaal said: Look
at our leader wearing the clothes of the sinners!
So Aboo Bakrah said: Be silent, I heard the Messenger
[13]
Sa’eed Ibn Jumhaan said: ‘I came to ’Abdullaah Ibn Abee Awfaa and his eyes
were covered, so I greeted him. He
said to me: Who are you? So I said:
I am Sa’eed Ibn Jumhaan He said:
So what was done with your father? I
said: The Azaariqah (followers of
Naafi’ Ibnul-Azraq al-Khaarijee) killed him.
He said: May Allaah curse the Azaariqah!
May Allaah curse the Azaariqah!
The Messenger of Allaah [14]
Fudayl Ibn ’Iyaad (d.187H) – Rahimahullaah
– said: “If I had a supplication that would be answered, I would not make
it, except for the ruler. Because
when the ruler becomes righteous, the towns and the servants become safe and
secure.” Refer to Hilyatul-Awliyaa‘
(8/91-92). Ibn al Mubaarak Rahimahullaah said (in reference to the above saying of al-Fudayl), "O teacher of goodness, who would show boldness towards this besides you?" [15]
Al-Haafidh Ibn Hajar (d.852H) – Rahimahullaah
– said in Fathul-Baaree (1/138):
“The advice to the leaders of the Muslims is to aid them upon that by which
they will become established. And
it is to warn them against negligence, and to correct their deficiency when they
slip, and to unite the word upon them, and to reject the hearts that have enmity
towards them. And the greatest
advice is to prevent them – by using that which is good – from
oppression.” [16]
The Prophet
[17]The Prophet
The
Prophet So
when the Muslims are under a kaafir
government, and they are not capable of removing it, then they must hold firmly
onto Islaam and their ’aqeedah.
However, they should not endanger themselves by endeavouring to oppose
the disbelievers, because that will only result in the destruction and
annihilation of the da’wah (call).
As for when they have power (quwwah)
making them capable of Jihaad, then
they should perform jihaad in the
Path of Allaah upon the known Sharee’ah
fundamentals.” “Power is known, so if you can carry out an action, and the Muslims start to
become capable of establishing jihaad
in the Path of Allaah, then jihaad
has been legislated for them against the disbelievers.
As for when their power is estimated, and not fully certain, then it is
not permissible to endanger the Muslims, nor to urge them towards danger; thus
taking them towards and end that is not praiseworthy.
And the seerah (biographical
account) of the Prophet
[17]
Imaam Maalik Ibn Anas used to say,
“The latter part of this
Ummah
will not be corrected, except by that which corrected its first part.”
Related in ash-Shifaa‘ of al-Qaadee
’Iyaad (2/676). [18]
Imaam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal relates in az-Zuhd
(p. 48), and ad-Daarimee in as-Sunan
(1/91):
From ’Umar Ibn ’Abdul-’Azeez that he said: “If you see a people
discussing anything of their Religion in secrecy, to the exclusion of the people
in general, then know that they are upon the foundation of misguidance.”
Ibnul-Jawzee said in Talbees
Iblees (p. 89): “So our Religion, all praise being for Allaah, is clear
and manifest, containing nothing hidden, nor anything concealed, suppressed, nor
secret. So whatever the people of
partisanship employ from that, then it is the door to misguidance, and refuge is
sought from Allaah.” [19]
Shaykhul-Islaam Ibn Taymiyyah (d.728H) –
rahimahullaah
– said, “Indeed the people of the truth and the
Sunnah
do not follow anyone, except the Messenger of Allaah [20] Hudhaifah (ra) reports that the Messenger of Allaah (saw) said "There will come leaders who will not follow my guidance and will not follow my sunnah. There will be amongst them men who will have the hearts of devil and bodies of humans." He (Hudhaifah asked) "What shall I do, o Messenger of Allaah if I reach that?" He replied, "you should hear and obey the ruler even if he flogs your backs and takes your wealth, then still hear and obey." Reported by Muslim (Eng. trans Vol 3/1029/34554) [21]Narrated Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman: "Subay' ibn Khalid said: I came to Kufah at the time when Tustar was conquered. I took some mules from it. When I entered the mosque (of Kufah), I found there some people of moderate stature, and among them was a man whom you could recognize when you saw him that he was from the people of Hijaz. I asked: Who is he? The people frowned at me and said: Do you not recognize him? This is Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman, the companion of the Apostle of Allaah (peace_be_upon_him). Then Hudhayfah said: People used to ask the Apostle of Allaah (peace_be_upon_him) about good, and I used to ask him about evil. Then the people stared hard at him. He said: I know the reason why you dislike it. I then asked: Apostle of Allaah, will there be evil as there was before, after this good which Allaah has bestowed on us? He replied: Yes. I asked: Wherein does the protection from it lie? He replied: In the sword. I asked: Apostle of Allaah, what will then happen? He replied: If Allaah has on Earth a caliph who flays your back and takes your property, obey him, otherwise die holding onto the stump of a tree. I asked: What will come next? He replied: Then the Antichrist (Dajjaal) will come forth accompanied by a river and fire. He who falls into his fire will certainly receive his reward, and have his load taken off him, but he who falls into his river will have his load retained and his reward taken off him. I then asked: What will come next? He said: The Last Hour will come. (Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 35, Trials and Fierce Battles (Kitab Al-Fitan Wa Al-Malahim), Number 4232)" [22] Imam al Barbahaaree (d. 329H) said, "Whoever rebels against a Muslim ruler is one of the Khawaarij, has caused dissent within the Muslims, has contradicted the narrations and has died the death of the days of ignorance." (Sharhus-Sunnah [p.42]) The Khawaarij are a group who first appeared in the time of 'Alee (radiallaahu'anhu). They split from his army and began the grave innovation of takfeer (i.e. declaring Muslims, rulers or the ruled who are guilty of major sins, to be disbelievers). The Prophet MUHAMMAD (salallaahu'alayheewasallam) warned against them in many authentic Ahaadeeth, "The Khawaarij are the dogs of Hellfire." (Reported by Ahmad and it is Saheeh.) MUHAMMAD (salallaahu'alayheewasallam) also informed us that they would continue to appear until the end of this world, saying, "A group will appear reciting the Qur'an, it will not pass beyond their throats, every time a group appears it will be cut off, until the Dajjal appears within them." (Reported by Ibn Maajah and it is Hasan.) Al Barbahaaree (d. 329H) also said, "It is not permissible to fight the ruler or rebel against him even if he oppresses. This is due to the saying of the Messenger of Allah (salallaahu'alayheewasallam) to Abu Dharr al Ghifaaree, "Have patience, even if he (i.e. the Ameer) is an Abyssinian slave," (Reported by Muslim.) PROPHET MUHAMMAD (salallaahu'alayheewasallam) saying to the Ansaar, "Have patience until you meet me at the Pool," (Reported by Bukharee from Usayd ibn Hudayr.) [23] Ibn al Qayyim (d. 751H) said in Miftaah Daaris Sa'aadah (1/119), "And as for Imam Maalik, then Ibn al Qaasim said, "I heard Maalik say, 'Indeed there are a people who desire worship but squander the Knowledge (being deprived of it) so they revolt against the Ummah of Muhammad (salallaahu'alayheewasallam) with their swords. And if they had followed the Knowledge, then it would have prevented them from doing that." [24] Shaykh Abdul Azeez Ibn Baaz, (hafidhahullaah) was asked, "Is it from the Manhaj (methodology) of the Salaf to criticise the Rulers from the mimbar (the pulpit)? And what is the Manhaj of the Salaf with respect to advising the Rulers? "He responded: "It is not from the Manhaj of the Salaf to publicise the faults of the Rulers and to mention such things from the pulpit because that leads to confusion/disorder and the absence of hearing and obeying the ruler in what is good. It also results in (the people) becoming engrossed (with these matters, arguing and debating) which causes harm and produces no benefit. The followed Path with the Salaf, however is to give naseehah (advice) with respect to the matters which are between themselves and the leader, writing to him or by reaching him through the scholars who keep in touch with him (to advise him) until the ruler is directed towards the good. Repelling the evil occurs without mentioning the doer of the evil. So fornication, drinking of intoxicants and the taking of usury are curbed without mentioning the one who does such things. Warding off the evil and warning and the people against it is sufficient without it being mentioned that such and such a person does it, whether he is a ruler or other than the ruler. And when the fitnah occurred in the time of 'Uthmaan Gani (radiallaahu'anhu), some of the people said to Usaamah ibn Zaid (radiallaahu'anhu), "Will you not speak to 'Uthmaan?" So he replied, "You think that I will not talk to him without letting you know about it (also). Indeed, I will certainly talk to him regarding that which concerns me and him without initiating a matter which I do not love to be the first to initiate." And when they (the Khawaarij) opened up the evil in the time of 'Uthmaan (radiallaahu'anhu) and rejected 'Uthmaan openly, the fitnah, the killing and the mischief, which has not ceased to affect the people to this day, was brought about. And this caused the fitnah to occur between 'Alee and Mu'aawiyyah and 'Uthmaan (radiallaahu'anhu) was killed for these reasons. (Futhermore) a large number of Companions and others besides them were killed due to this open rebellion and the open proclamation of the faults (of the ruler), until the people began to hate the one charged with authority over them and killed him. We ask Allah for success." [These were the words of the Shaykh Abdul Azeez Ibn Baaz, (hafidhahullaah). Taken from Al-Ma'loom min Waajib il-'Ilaaqah bain al Haakim wal-Mahkoom, (pp. 22-23).] It is authentically reported from the Messenger
of Allah Muhammad (salallaahu'alayheewasallam) in the
Ahaadeeth of 'Iyaad Ibn Ghunum
who said, "The Messenger of Allaah
Muhammad (salallaahu'alayheewasallam) said, "Whoever desires to advise
the one with authority then he should not do
so openly, rather he should take him by the hand and take him into
seclusion (and then advise him). And if
he accepts (the advice) from him then
(he has achieved his objective) and if not, then he has fulfilled that which was a duty
upon him." (Reported
by Ahmad (3/403) and Ibn Abee 'Aasim (2/521)
with a Saheeh isnaad.)
There is no fighting against the ruler
in the Sunnah. It causes destruction of the Religion and the worldly
affairs."
[25] It is also related by Ibn Sa'ad in
Tabaqaatul Kubraa (7/163-165)
A group of Muslims came to al Hasan al Basree (d. 110H) seeking
a verdict to rebel against al Hajjaaj [3].
So they said, "O Abu Sa'eed! What
do you say about fighting this oppressor who has unlawfully spilt
blood and unlawfully taken wealth and did this and that?" So they left
Al Hasan, disagreed with him and rebelled against
al Hajjaaj - so al Hajjaaj killed them all. About them al Hasan used to say, "If the people had patience, when they were being tested by their unjust ruler, it will not be long before Allah (Ta'aala) will give them a way out. However, they always rush for their swords, so they are left to their swords. By Allah! Not even for a single day did they bring about any good."
The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said,
"People should give up their pride in nations because that is a Coal from
the Coals of Hell-Fire." (Abu Dawud & Tirmidhi) The Messenger of Allah SAW said, "The best of generations is my generation (Sahaabah), then those who come after them (Taabi'oon) and then those who come after them (Atba' at-Taabi'oon)" A man came to al-Hasan [al-Basri] (d.110H) and said, "I wish to debate with you about the Religion." Al-Hasan replied, "I know my Religion. If you have lost your Religion go out and look for it!" [Sahih in Ibn Battah] |
Whosoever sees something from his leader of sin, then
let him hate whatever occurs from sin.
